One more year of high school may shape waistlines later in life

One more year of high school may shape waistlines later in life
An analysis of genetic data showed that students whose mandatory high school attendance age was 15 had a higher rate of unhealthy weight. Credit: USC Dornsife, Center for Economic and Social Research

What a difference a year of high school can make—for long-term health.

In 1972, England, Scotland and Wales raised the mandatory school attendance age from 15 to 16. Through a large-scale genetic study, USC Dornsife researchers have found that decades later, the change had a benefit for those students affected by the reform, especially those who were at greatest risk of becoming obese.

The extra year of education contributed to weight loss, despite their genetic risk, the research team found.

"This means that genes alone do not determine who will become obese," said Silvia H. Barcellos, a research scientist at USC Dornsife's Center for Economic and Social Research (CESR). "In fact in this case, one more year of lowered the influence of genes on whether someone becomes obese."

Before the mandatory attendance age was changed, 31 out of every 100 people with the highest genetic-risk had an unhealthy body size. After the reform, the rate dropped to 18 out of every 100.

Among those with the lowest risk, the rate remained roughly unchanged.

The latest findings were published Tuesday by the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The study is the latest in a series by the USC Dornsife CESR researchers that examines how the 1972 change in the mandatory school attendance age has affected other life outcomes for the affected students, such as whether they went to college or completed advance degrees, what incomes they earned and their socioeconomic status.

One more year of high school may shape waistlines later in life
The analysis shows that students who were affected by the 1972 mandatory attendance age change to 16 had a lower rate of unhealthy weight. Credit: USC Dornsife, Center for Economic and Social Research

Those at greatest risk benefit the most

For this study, USC Dornsife researchers studied the genomes of 250,000 people in the UK Biobank.

The researchers looked at three health indicators: lung function, blood pressure and a "body size index." This index accounted for BMI (body mass index), body fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio as comprehensive indicators for healthy and unhealthy weight.

The scientists combined the health information with polygenic scores—a tool that accounts for variation across a person's entire genome—to determine how much influence genetics and education may have on health.

Exploring nature vs nurture

The ever-expanding genetic databases that millions of people have used for checking their genealogy and their genetic risks for disease have become a resource for large-scale genetics studies. Scientists permitted to use the data have been able to identify the genetic variants linked to specific diseases such as breast cancer, disorders such as autism and even educational attainment.

"Our results challenge the notion of genetic determinism. They suggest education reduced the role genes played in determining who became obese. Now, we are left with the question of why we observe larger health improvements for those with a higher genetic predisposition to obesity," said Leandro Carvalho, a co-author and research economist at CESR.

Three years ago, England adopted a mandate that students must stay in school or training until they turn 18. Those students, like the cohort born in 1957, could experience health benefits as a result of the change.

More information: Silvia H. Barcellos et al, Education can reduce health differences related to genetic risk of obesity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802909115

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